Sphere Rainbow
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Ebay listings end here
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40mm Leaded Crystal Sphere $11.90 A quality 40mm 30% Leaded Crystal ornament. An Accent to any window garden or spinning ornament…. |
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Hoberman: Sphere– Rainbow $25.38 The Hoberman Sphere starts small and grows larger. And vice versa. Made of rainbow-colored plastic links, the sphere expands to 30 inches in diameter and contracts to a compact 9.5 inches. There’s a hypnotic fascination in making the sphere expand and contract over and over again, but if kids want to do more with their sphere, a guide (included) lists some possibilities. How about trying the balle… |
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Hoberman Mini Sphere – Rainbow $11.75 The colorful Hoberman Mini Sphere comes out of the box looking like a futuristic Christmas-tree ornament. It’s a cross between a ball and a star, and measures 5.5 inches across. But pick it up by any one of its dozens of plastic points and this amazing little feat of engineering, or imagineering, expands neatly into a lattice-like globe that’s 12 inches in diameter. The inventor calls it a trapezo… |
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Hoberman Sphere – Rainbow The Hoberman Sphere – Rainbow is the essence of transformation, expanding from 10″ diameter to 32″ with one easy motion. A great stress reliever that’s a blend of mathematics, mechanics and structural engineering. The original transforming sphere from Hoberman comes with a pulley, hardware and instructions to hang as a cool, kinetic mobile. It’s bound to fascinate you and the crowd of co-workers t… |
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The Rainbow Conspiracy … |
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Rainbow Arc of Fire: Harmony of Spheres $2.48 Rainbow Arc of Fire, Denver’s extraordinary series of GLBT fantasy/adventure novels, written by Colordo author Gregory Earl Sanchez, concludes its initial phase with the release of book six, the purple volume: Harmony of Spheres. It’s the spring of 1996, and Greg, Paul, Joan, Marina, Joseph, and William, the main characters whom readers have come to know intimately in the previous five volume… |
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Rainbow Coloured Shroud … |
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Sphere $13.99 Sphere |
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At The Rainbow $24.99 At The Rainbow |
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$25.38 The Hoberman Sphere is an expanding and contracting ball you can play with or enjoy as an object of kinetic art. |
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The contributions of Arab scientists and ancient Egypt on the development of Physics and Technology
Md. Wasim Aktar
Department. of EAB. Chemicals, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, India.
The scientists have thoroughly studied the Muslims fundamental questions of physics. For example Ibn Sina made a thorough study of phenomena such as force, motion, light, heat, vacuum, etc. Significant progress has been made in theoretical and applied mechanics. Useful work has been done in the field of mechanics of the tree wheel, lever, pulley, inclined plane, windmill, water wheel, gears, etc. The physicist and astronomer at Khazin-authored a book on mechanics, hydrostatics and physics, called Kitab Mizan al-Hikma (the Book of Balance of Wisdom) is the most notable medieval work on these issues. There is a theory of the strength of the attraction of the earth (gravity), which is universal force directed toward the center of the universe, which at the time should be the center of the earth. Includes tables of specific gravity of various liquids and solids (based on the work of al-Biruni), and a history the subject, the severity of air comments about the capillary, using a hydrometer to measure density and temperature assessment fluid, the theory of the lever, the application upgrade of balance and measure. The analysis and excerpts from this book have been published Arabic and English. (1)
In another book on the Khazin review noted the need to eliminate, as much as possible influences of temperature variations during weighing. When Al-Khazin other studies are planned, seems to be a precursor to Galileo.
name of Al-Khazin was complete Abd al-Rahman Al Fath al-Mansur Abu'l '-Khazin (or-Khazin). He lived about 1115 to 1121. A Greek (Rumi) slaves. His teacher Ali Al-Al-Khazin Marwazi managed to a good education in science and philosophy Marwa. Al-Khazin compiled astronomical tables called Zij al-al-al-Sinjari Mu'tabar (The estimate Photos Sinjaric) who were appointed after Sinjar ibn Alpe Malikshah Arsalan, governor and later, the Sultan of Khorasan (1097-1098 to 1157-1158). They give the position of stars for the year 1115-1116.
Before al-Khazin, Omar al-Khayyam was the greatest job in equilibrium. Ibn Sina and Al-Razi, has contributed the equilibrium theory. Banu Musa (Musa Children), which has flourished under the reign of Caliph al-Mamun, wrote many works mechanically. An important work on the balance Farastün called 'o' Qarastun assigned to them. Al-Razi (D 923-24) during the investigation density using a hydrostatic balance. This balance has been called Al-Mizan al-Tabi'i (Balance physical). (2)
Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Rustam al-Khurasan was a famous manufacturer of clocks and, therefore, was called al-Sa'at (watch maker). Between 1146 and 1169, built a clock placed in Jairün Bab. (Called "Bab al-Sa'ah, the door of the clock). Al-Sa'at was under his leadership until his death in 1184-85. (3)
Another mechanic of the 13th century Muslim Ibn Ismail Abul-Razzazah Isa (the son of rice merchant) Badi'al-Zaman al-Jazari. It was sponsored 577-578 to 601-602 AH 1181-1182 to 1205-1206 BC, by the leaders of Urtuqid Diyar Bakr, a neighborhood of al-Jazeera. He wrote a treatise on the knowledge of mechanical devices called geometric fi al-Kitab al-Handsiyyah Hiyala Ma'rifat, which was dedicated to Mahmud Urtuqid Nasir al-Din (reigned 1200-1222). These devices are primarily hydraulic (elepsydras, fonts, etc..) This important work is interesting from technical point of view, and represents the best Arab work in applied mechanics. It is divided into six parts. The first part deals with different types of elepsydras indicating whether temporary or equal time is the most important. Muslims divided twenty-four hours on it. But they have adopted another type of division. They divided day and night into twelve hours varies according to season. This type of hours have also been used by Christians, for example in Europe, Italy, until mid 18th century.
The book has been translated into German, and also wrote comments on it. (4)
Son Ridwan Al-Sa'at repair and improvement of the clock, and has also written a book to describe its construction and use. This book is an important source of study the first watches Muslims. Ridwan was a mechanic, doctor and poet, and had knowledge of literature and music. He played the flute. Belonged initially in Khorasan. He was appointed vizier by Prince Al-Faiz Ayyubi and his brother Ibrahim al-Mu'azzam ISA. Ridwan also wrote a treatise of Ibn Sina, in addition to grapes, and commentary on the Qanun (Canon). (5)
Qaisar Ibn Abu al-Qasim, an Egyptian mathematician, astronomer (d. 1251 BC) is a celestial globe. Probably made improvements in water wheels and water mills. These rates improved water wheels are still on the Orontes, and are among Hama glories. These wells have been constructed (Naura) for Muzzaffar al-Taqi al-Din al-Mahmoud, the leader of the AC Hama 1229-1244 (6)
The philosopher Abu Nasr al-Farabi denied the existence a vacuum. He wrote a remarkable essay on the elasticity of the air. This work original research. (7)
Muslim scientists are interested in determining the specific gravity of various substances. Sanad Ibn Ali, a research the ninth century scientist in specific gravity. Al-Biruni determine the specific gravity of 18 stones and precious metals. Ibn Sina and al-Razi Research also on this subject.
Ibn Yunus († 1009 AC) applied to the clock for measuring time. Al-Biruni invented a time machine based on the Roman calendar. The constructed for use in the mosque of Ghazni. However, the imam of the mosque refused saying it was based on work non-Muslims. In the Al-Biruni was very upset. He said that the determination of time is purely secular. It is therefore of little value if a calendar is based on a non-Muslim or Muslim. Convenience only be taken into account.
Al-Biruni refers to a certain type of wells are obtained by drilling in Earth at that level of water that is subject to hydrostatic pressure in that, if the pressure of the water is pumped from natural sources. He explains although the action of these wells by the principle of communicating vessels. (8)
Muslims have developed the techniques of swimming. They built a hot bath, the called hammam steam (Hamm from the Arabic root which means heat). The arrival of the Crusaders in Eastern Europe and experience the comfort of baths, they are introduced in their own country.
Muslims were the first to implement direct ownership of the needle to determining the direction of travel traveling by sea The Chinese were the first to discover this property. Maritime trade between Muslims great importance to the southern part of the needle in the north than in those days. This is probably because in some places like Syria and Asia Minor to the south end directed toward Mecca. Thus, this end of the needle gave the general direction of the Qibla. In the West, the compass was the first of all used by Italian sailors. Some Muslims have spoken the compass in his writings. For example, al-Bailak Qabajaqi in his book Al-Kanz Ahjär describes the use of a floating compass aided him in L 242-43. (9)
"Muslims were also the first to invent rifles and guns and the use of explosive material in them. The purpose of this invention is to shoot bullets at enemy from a distance. China Sodium nitrate is used alone. But the penetrating power of explosives was discovered and made use of Muslims only. Historians usually write first all weapons used in war Cressi, but the writings of many Muslims is revealed that the weapons had been used long time. In one these writings is a story that a ruler named seat in 602 AH Yacoub (1205 AC) Mehdra an African city that was under the control of rebel leader attacked the walls with cannon and machine. Of all the machines in a series of showers of large stones and fireballs.
Statement Ibn Khaldun in his history of the Berbers "also shows the use of weapons in time of war. Yusuf Abu Write ", the Sultan of Morocco besieged 672 AH (1273 AC) Siyilmasa city. He created the tools necessary to besiege the city before. These instruments consisted of Manjneeq, Hamdan and the Urawa pieces iron have been projected. These bits are filled in the Hamdan case, and explosives are kept behind them caught fire. Its effect is strange and results might be called an act of God. A day with the help of a stone thrown by Manjneeq, part of the Berlin Wall fell, and then the attack took place in the city. (10)
Muslims developed the science of optics. Ibn al-Haitham (Alhazen in Latin) has made a significant contribution to this science. In fact, it began with the modern optics. Before Ibn al-Haitham was generally regarded by the Greeks, Romans and Muslims scientists rays are emitted by the eyes to the objects seen. Plato had suggested that another group of rays emitted by the object seen. Alexandrians believed that vision is a lens of the eye. Ibn Sina and Al-Biruni also believes that the object beam dropped from sight. Aristotle's ideas were very close the modern concept. The atoms of the atomistic theory. Hunayn Ibn Ishaq in his book entitled "Questions eye ', proposes a theory that was something as Plato. In his view, the goal was the central organ of vision. Both the visual power that comes the brain and the image of the object comes from outside is received by the lens. Al-Razi, also, in his monograph on the nature of vision have shown that the eyes do not radiate light. (11)
Ibn al-Haitham has changed the traditional view by presenting the theory that the objects are seen by rays passing them to the eye and not reverse. Most of his successors do not agree with your point of view, but Al-Biruni and Ibn Sina independently and fully agree with him. Ibn al-Haitham solve a series of optical problems, on the basis of mathematical knowledge of his time.
Ibn al-Haitham treated as a potpourri of themes as the structure of eye, optical illusion, perspective, binocular vision, vision of the contours, shadows and colors, catoptrics old diopter and new situations, the camera obscura, the problem of Alhazen, mirages, comets, the Milky Way, rainbow, rainbows, etc.
Ibn Haitham al-catoptric conducted research that contains the problem known to Alhazen problem. It is as follows: –
"Two points in the plane of a circle to draw lines that intersect at a point in the circumference and making equal angles with the normal at this point. "This leads to an equation of fourth year. Ibn al-Haitham solved by the intersection of a hyperbola with a circle. He also solved the cubic equation that is called al-Mahani's.
Ibn al-Haitham has shown a marked improvement in experimental techniques. The fact that research on spherical and parabolic mirrors, diopter spherical aberration. He realized that the relationship between the angles of incidence and reflection is not constant. He describes the power magnifying lens and a studied atmospheric refraction. He said that the twilight only ceases or begins when the sun is 19 degrees below the horizon, and attempted to measure the height of the atmosphere on that basis. It gave a better description of the eye and vision. He tried to explain the vision binocular, and gave a correct explanation of the apparent increase in the size of the Sun and the Moon near the horizon. He gave the first mathematical treatment the camera obscura.
Thus, given the problems that are currently at least seven subjects, including anatomy, physiology, psychology, mathematics, astronomy, physics and meteorology.
The full name is Ibn al-Haitham Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Haitham. He was a native of Basra and was born in 354 AH (965 AC). He emigrated to Egypt, where he lived until his death. It was a noble person and a genius who had the knowledge many sciences. It was the greatest mathematician of his era and one of the largest in the history of optics. He was well versed in medicine and Arabic. When the caliph al-Hakim bi-Amrillah, who loved the philosophy he learned from Ibn al-Haitham, had a great desire to see. Al-Hakim was informed by Ibn al-Haitham was revealed that he had been in Egypt, could have done something on the Nile, it would be beneficial in all cases, either the water level was high or low. Ibn al-Haitham, the river has declined since the peak extends to the territory of Egypt. Hearing this, Al-Hakim became more fond of the meeting of Ibn al-Haitham. Al-Hakim sent a large sum of money him and convinced him to come to his court. Ibn al-Haitham left for Egypt. When he arrived near Cairo Al-Hakim was to meet him. They met in a village near Bab al-Qahirah (Cairo door). Al-Hakim has paid tribute to him, provided with all facilities, and asked him to keep his promise on the Nile, a group of workers is expected to assist in the implementation of its plan. When Ibn al-Haitham is the investigation of the site and arrived at a place called "Janadil" (now called Shalal), located near Aswan, on high ground, he realized the difficulties. Finding himself unable to fulfill its promise, has become a great shame, because he feared that Al-Hakim and get rid of it was crazy, and remained in that state of madness until the death of al-Hakim. He came back to him and settled in qubbah near the door of Al-Azhar Jami'ah and resolved to write books. He died in 1038.
Ibn al-Haitham is the author of numerous books. He summarized the works of Aristotle, and wrote commentaries on them. As summarized many medical works of Galen. His writings on mathematics and physics are 15 and in metaphysics and physics are 44 in number. Among his books in plants and one of the properties of simple and compound drugs. (12)
His Kitab al-Manazir (the thesaurus optical), is one major classical influenced scientific thought for more than six centuries. The American Muslim and Jewish writers such as Roger Bacon, John Peckham, Vitellius, Ahmad Ibn Idris al-Qarafi, Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, Levi Ben Gerson bases its work on this great book.
Ibn Sina made a thorough study of light. He noted that if the light is emitted by the expulsion of some types of particles by the light source, the speed of light must be finite. (13) Al-Biruni in mind that the speed of light is infinitely more important than sound. (14)
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi wrote two books on optics. One of them is entitled Al-wa fi al-Mabahith In'ikãs Shu'a'at In'itafiha (research on reflection and refraction of rays) contains a proof of the equality of the angles of incidence and reflection.
The other is entitled "Kitab al-Tahrir Paws. In the preface, the author notes that we perceive objects because light rays emanating from them, but what happens all the rays, as from our eyes. (15)
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (d. 1311) who was one of the greatest scientists of all time presented their views on the work of optical astronomical. In these works, entitled "al-fi al-Nihayat Idrak Dirãyat Aflak (better understanding of knowledge areas) to discuss issues optical geometric nature of vision and, finally, the rainbow. It was the first to give a satisfactory explanation of the arc. Its explanation of the arc is based on his study on the passage of a beam of light through a transparent sphere (drop). He concluded that the arc in heaven is formed when the rays are refracted twice and reflected once (or a coat in the case of rainbow-secondary) in the humid atmosphere. (16)
Another mathematician, a leading 14th century, was Kamal al-Din Abu al-Hasan al-Farsi. He wrote a book entitled "al-Tanqih Manazir (correction optics), which is a commentary to develop and origin, Kitab al-Haitham Ibn al-Manazir (Book optical). It covers not only physical and physiological optics, but also the weather, Outlook and many other topics. The comments are included in the playoffs, color effects, etc.
Kamal al-Din suggested the use of hyperbolic lenses to avoid spherical aberration. He reviewed the refraction of light. According to George Sarton, This account includes the following facts: the speed of light is finite, but very wide and the speed of light in different media is inversely proportional to the optical density (not the same as the density of matter). The second of these facts seems to be a sketch of the wave theory of light against corpuscular theory.
Kamal al-Din held a series of experiments with the camera obscura and improve its use initiated by Ibn al-Haitham. Showed that images on a screen in a darkened room through the beams of light passing through a narrow hole, are independent of the form the ho1e, and sharper images down hole. It was also found that images of many objects are formed separately on the screen, but the pictures and directions invested. With the help of the camera, observed eclipses and movements of clouds and birds. (17)
Al-Hasan al-Rammah (The lancer) Najm al-Din al-Ahadab (the hunchback) writes on military subjects. He lived in Syria. He wrote two treatises on horsemanship and the art War (1) al-Kitab wa al-Furusiyah Munasab Harbiyah (Riding and stratagems of war), (2) al-Su'ul Nihayat wa 'Umniya Ta'allum fi al-al-A'mal Furusiyah.
The first treaty deals with military issues, as the military operation, using spears, bows, siege engines, and the method of sea combat and communication of fire, etc. It contains miscellaneous pyrotechnic Hasan Al-nitrate considers the fundamental substance of pyrotechnics. He explained methods of preparation and purification and potash by repeated crystallizations.
According to George Sarton, who is more important than it may seem, impurities nitrate are hygroscopic, and thus tend to destroy its value. For salt and its uses is one thing, to purify, it was different. (18)
Muslims to improve the art of shipbuilding, has taught men of the Mediterranean for the shipbuilding lighter or ship (garaf), packing their boats with tar is still known in Romance languages with the Arabic name gatran (tar FR, IT. Caltrame)-for handle sails and ropes (habl Ar). (19)
REFERENCES: –
1. A1-Khazin, Abd al-Rahman, "Mizan al-Hikma, Hyderabad Deccan, 1359 AH pp. 1-170.
2. Al-Qift, 'Ali Ibn Yusuf, Tarikh al-Hukam, Leipzig, 1903, p. 271.
3. Sarton, George, Introduction to the History of Science, Carneige Institution Washington, 1951, vol. I, p. 632.
4. Ibid., P. 631.
5. Ibid., 632.
6. Ibid., Vol II, Part II, p. 623.
7. Al-Qift, op. cit., p. 277.
8. Sarton, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 707.
9. Ibid., Vol I, Part II, p. 24.
10. Balgirami, 'Ali, Tamaddun-e-Arab (the Urdu translation of a play French, by Lebon), Hyderabad Deccan, p. 441.
11. Ibid., Vol I, p. 609.
12. Ibid., P. 721.
13 Ismael Basha al-Baghdadi, al-Arifin Hadiyyah, Istanbul, 1951, Vol II, p. 66.
14. Sarton, op., P. 707.
15. Ibid., P. 709-713.
16. Ibid. Vol. II, Part II, p. 1009.
17. Ibid., P. 1018.
18. Ibid. Vol III, Part I, p. 707. Al-Farsi, Kamal al-Din al-Manazir Tãnqih, Decean Hyderabad, India.
19. Sarton, op. cit., Vol. II, Part II, p. 1039.
20. Briffault, Dr Robert, The Making of Humanity, Islamic Book Foundation, 1980, p. 205.
Rainbow Sphere Guide Part 1
Sphere Rainbow